Early Instruction in Geography: An Exploration in the Ecology of Kindergarten and First-Grade Geography Education     

《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3):123-131

Abstract

Student drawn maps have been relatively neglected as an evaluation tool, despite their potential utility for assessing geographic knowledge. Comparison of students' sketch maps at the beginning and end of the year can inform the teacher about how students' representations of the world change over the course of instruction. Used as a pretest, they can be used to diagnose areas of strength and weakness within a class; as a posttest they can be used to assess students' achievement and the effectiveness of instruction. In this paper we provide an easy method for sorting and summarizing sketch map data, which is illustrated using maps collected from two sixth grade classes. We also outline a framework to guide teachers in generating questions to ask about their own students' maps.  相似文献   

Multiple interfaces of the European Landscape Convention     

《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(4):207-216

The multiple interfaces of the European Landscape Convention were the topic of a roundtable panel discussion held at the meeting of the Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape in September 2006. The roundtable was convened by Kenneth R. Olwig, who together with four other speakers presented the main topics for discussion. Their presentations are given here as a series of short articles. Initially a brief historical background and the main provisions of the European Landscape Convention (Florence Convention) of 2000, in force 2004, are presented. The interfaces with law, landscape ecology, heritage, and globalisation are then successively discussed. Finally, the European Landscape Convention itself is examined as a discursive interface, with contradictory as well as synergetic aspects.  相似文献   

Rule-based GIS-modelling for management purposes: A case study from the islands of Froan,Sør-Trøndelag,mid-western Norway     

《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(4):175-184

The coastal heath region along the western coast of Norway, dominated by Calluna vulgaris, is undergoing rapid change. Vegetation changes are caused by changes in management, including reduced frequency or abandonment of periodic heath burning and reduced cutting and grazing. The islands of Froan, in the outermost part of Sør-Trøndelag County in mid-western Norway, are dominated by coastal heath in a state of recession due to reduced traditional land use. The coastal heath is acknowledged as vulnerable and valuable by national environmental authorities, and local landscape management is supported by different national subsidies. The authors mapped the vegetation on Froan and used rule-based GIS-modelling to predict the relative potential for future vegetation changes. The model was based on a range of map layers, including management themes such as history of heath burning and peat removal, current practices of sheep grazing, and also themes derived from the vegetation map, such as soil nutrients, soil moisture and present management status. The resulting model output provides relative probabilities of future changes under different land-use scenarios, and highlights where management efforts should be focused in order to maintain the traditional landscape character.  相似文献   

Economic diversification and second‐tier political conflict: Assessing bitumen political ecologies in southwest Nigeria     

Godwin Uyi Ojo 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2012,33(1):49-62

Since its emergence as a research field in the 1980s, political ecology has provided a useful tool to explicate violent environments, notably as hallmarks of natural resource‐dependent economies. Practitioners regularly address what might be called ‘charismatic’ natural resources such as oil and other precious minerals to describe contestation over access and control of natural resources. Yet, where this focus exists, the political ecology of less economically valuable or ‘noncharismatic’ resources is thereby obscured. Thus, Nigeria's dependency on oil production has generated much scholarly attention with its unstable political economy described as a rentier state. In contrast, this paper draws on extensive field experience and knowledge about the country to assess in a preliminary manner some of the dimensions and ramifications of a less well known second‐tier natural resource commodity that is gaining attention as part of a possible national economic diversification strategy. Using the case of bitumen, a viscous hydrocarbon mainly used in road surfacing and roofing work, I assess the trajectory of this relatively overlooked resource, thereby opening a window onto the political ecology of a noncharismatic resource. In contrast to the ubiquitous violence in the oil‐based Niger Delta, I suggest that bitumen political ecologies, while also provoking political conflict and debate, nonetheless seem to being marked by new power dynamics that might augur a less violence prone path in terms of Nigeria's political economy of natural resource production.  相似文献   

Biogeomorphological influence of slope processes and sedimentology on vascular talus vegetation in the southern Cascades, California   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Francisco L. Pérez 《Geomorphology》2012,138(1):29-48

The vascular vegetation of alpine talus slopes between 2035 and 3095 m altitude was studied at Lassen Volcanic National Park (California) in the Cascade Range. Taluses show a diverse flora, with 79 plant species; growth forms include coniferous trees, shrubs, suffrutices, herbs, graminoids, and ferns. Spatial patterns of plant distribution were studied along 40 point-intercept transects. Plant cover was low (0-32.7%) on all slopes, spatially variable, and showed no consistent trends. Sedimentological characteristics were determined by photosieving next to 1500 plants; this census indicated preferential plant growth on blocks and cobbles, with 43.2% and 23.3% of the plants growing on these stones, respectively; fewer specimens were rooted on pebbles (13%) or on stone-free gravel areas (20.5%). Growth forms displayed different substrate preferences: 92.5% of the shrubs and 83% of the suffrutices colonized blocks or cobbles, but only 57.2% of the herbs and 59.8% of the graminoids grew on large stones. Plants are associated with large clasts because (1) coarse talus is more stable than fine sediment areas, which are more frequently disturbed by various geomorphic processes, and (2) large stones help conserve substrate water beneath them while moisture quickly evaporates from fine debris.Root patterns were studied for 30 plant species; 10 specimens for each species were excavated and inspected, and several root growth ratios calculated. All species exhibited pronounced root asymmetry, as roots for most plants grew upslope from their shoot base. For 23 species, all specimens had 100% of their roots growing upslope; for the other 7 species, 92.2-99.3% of below-ground biomass extended uphill. This uneven root distribution is ascribed to continual substrate instability and resulting talus shift; as cascading debris progressively buries roots and stems, plants are gradually pushed and/or stretched downhill. Various disturbance events affect root development. Slope erosion following rubble removal often exposes plant roots. Debris deposition can completely bury plants; some may survive sedimentation, producing new shoots that grow through accumulated debris. Shrubs may propagate by layering, as adventitious roots develop along buried stems; or produce new clones along their roots. Slope processes may damage and transport plant pieces downhill; some species can sprout from severed, displaced root or stem fragments. Vegetation interacts with several geomorphic processes, including debris flows, grain flows, rockfall, snow avalanches, frost creep, and runoff. Larger plants may alter local patterns of debris movement and deposition, damming cascading debris on their upslope side and deflecting sediments laterally to plant margins, where they form narrow elongated stone stripes.  相似文献   

东洞庭湿地植被格局变化及其影响因素   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

雷璇  杨波  蒋卫国  杨一鹏  Claudia Kuenzer  陈强 《地理研究》2012,31(3):461-470

东洞庭湖(也称东洞庭)湿地植被格局的变化特征及其影响因素的分析是该地区湿地植被保护与恢复策略制定的基础。基于美国陆地资源卫星Landsat TM/ETM+数据,应用决策树分类法分别提取东洞庭湖1999年、2002年、2006年三个时期湿地景观信息,通过转移矩阵法和质心迁移法对植被的时空演变分析。结果表明:(1)1993～2002年东洞庭湖芦苇、林地、苔草滩地面积均有所增加,芦苇增长速度最快,年均增长面积为28.93km²;2002～2006年林地面积迅速增加,年均增长面积为29.655km²,苔草面积有所减少,芦苇面积保持基本稳定;(2)东洞庭湖湿地植被质心呈现从林地—芦苇—苔草逐层靠近湖心的分布特点,1993～2006年三种植被类型的质心均不断向湖心迁移,其中以林地与芦苇的变迁更为显著。  相似文献   

大规模三维植被场景实时可视化方法     

韩秀珍  谭继强 《地理研究》2012,31(3):565-577

采用L系统结合野外观测数据来构建植被单体的三维结构模型,根据植被模型特点,分别对枝干和树叶两个组成部分进行几何简化,大幅度减少模型所需的几何要素数量。在冠层模型简化中,提出了分层LOD模型提取方法,该方法可以高效提取出多复杂度的冠层LOD模型,同时保证组成LOD模型的每片叶子都符合最小化误差方程的要求。在实时渲染过程中...  相似文献   

安徽省会经济圈碳排放强度与生态补偿研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孙贤斌  傅先兰  倪建华  赵彤 《地域研究与开发》2012,31(1):135-138,155

通过对1997年和2007年碳排放强度分析,揭示安徽省会经济圈内各市县对碳排放的影响和区域差异,根据相关固碳价格计算省会经济圈市县的生态补偿标准。研究结果显示:(1)省会经济圈总体上为碳汇区,1997—2007年间碳排放总量增加1 049.9万t,年均增长14.4%,其中,合肥市碳排放量增长最大。(2)2007年经济圈内地均建设用地碳排放强度和地均碳排放强度分别增加为1997年的2.18,2.41倍。1997—2007年,省会经济圈内的碳排放量、地均碳排放强度和地均建设用地碳排放都呈现合肥市>巢湖市>六安市。(3)经济圈内各县市地均碳排放强度差异显著,建设用地平均碳排放强度以合肥市最高(784 t/hm2),其次是霍山县和金寨县,其他区域的建设用地平均碳排放强度相差不大。(4)2007年合肥市提供的生态补偿标准是12.8～105.1亿元,六安市和巢湖市得到的生态补偿标准范围分别为31.9～278.1,0.6～13.8亿元;各县市生态补偿差异也很大。  相似文献   

柴达木盆地植被覆盖度的分析与模拟——空间自相关方法的运用(英文)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

朱文彬  贾绍凤  吕爱锋  严婷婷 《地理学报(英文版)》2012,22(2):346-358

Relationship between vegetation and environmental factors has always been a major topic in ecology, but it has also been an important way to reveal vegetation’s dynamic response to and feedback effects on climate change. For the special geographical location and climatic characteristics of the Qaidam Basin, with the support of traditional and remote sensing data, in this paper a vegetation coverage model was established. The quantitative prediction of vegetation coverage by five environmental factors was initially realized through multiple stepwise regression (MSR) models. However, there is significant multicollinearity among these five environmental factors, which reduces the performance of the MSR model. Then through the introduction of the Moran Index, an indicator that reflects the spatial auto-correlation of vegetation distribution, only two variables of average annual rainfall and local Moran Index were used in the final establishment of the vegetation coverage model. The results show that there is significant spatial autocorrelation in the distribution of vegetation. The role of spatial autocorrelation in the establishment of vegetation coverage model has not only improved the model fitting R2 from 0.608 to 0.656, but also removed the multicollinearity among independents.  相似文献   

中国东北红河国家级自然保护区湿地植被空间格局与环境梯度关系(英文)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周德民  栾兆擎  郭逍宇  娄彦景 《地理学报(英文版)》2012,22(1):57-70

Quantifying correlation between the spatial patterns of natural wetland plants and environmental gradient gives better understanding of wetland habitats, which is the fundamental for the strategy making on the protection and restoration of natural wetlands. In this study, the spatial patterns of wetland plants and the environmental gradient of wetland habitats were assessed in the Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR) in Northeast China, a wetland of international importance on the Ramsar list. Biophysical parameters’ values of wetland plants were obtained by field sampling methods, and wetland mapping at the community scale was completed using remote sensing techniques. Digital delineation of the surface water system, hydrological zoning and wetness index were produced by spatial analysis methods in Geographic Information System. An ecological ordination method and two clustering methods were used to quantify the relationship between the spatial distribution patterns of wetland plants and the corresponding environmental gradients. Such quantitative analyses also present the specific diversity of different types of wetland plants based on the environmental attributes of their habitats. With the support from modern geo-information techniques, the experimental results indicate how four ecotypes of wetland plants spatially transit from forest swamp, shrub wetland and meadow into marsh wetland with increasing wetness index and water table. And they also show how wetland spatial distribution patterns are controlled by an environmental gradient of wetness. Another key finding of this research work is that our results present the exact fundamental differences between marsh and non-marsh plants of 11 wetland plant communities within the core study area. Hence, this case study gives a good sample for better understanding of the complex correlation between the spatial patterns of wetland plants and their environmental attributes using advanced digital analysis methods. It is also useful to show how to integrate geoinformatic techniques with statistical analysis methods based on the field data base.  相似文献